![]() ![]() The advent of antibiotics, 5 assisted ventilation, 6 cardiovascular monitoring, 7 superior traction techniques, 8 and surgical instrumentation for spine stabilization, 9 in addition to improved imaging of both bone and soft-tissue, 10 lead to vast improvements in both mortality and morbidity after SCI. 4 In particular, Guttmann 2 involved them in social activities and sport, which lead to the founding of the Paralympics. ![]() Both Guttmann 2 and Munro 3 led the way in improving the care for patients by integrating different medical specialities and taking a holistic approach to their patients’ care. 1 It was not until 1934, when the first specialist SCI unit opened in Richmond, UK, for war veterans, signifying a move toward specialists managing and rehabilitating patients with SCIs in order to improve poor patient outcomes in Britain. Although acute and chronic SCI share common final pathways resulting in cell death and neurological deficits, the underlying putative mechanisms of chronic SCI and the treatments are not covered in this review.Īcquiring a spinal cord injury (SCI) was often viewed as a death sentence a century ago during World War One, when Harvey Cushing reported that 80% of soldiers who had an SCI died within two weeks due to major trauma and neurological sequelae such as immobility, incontinence, and autonomic disturbance. We discuss potential methods to protect the spinal cord from damage, and to manipulate the inherent inhibition of the spinal cord to regeneration and repair. Moreover, the multiple mechanisms by which damage propagates many months after the original injury requires a multifaceted approach to ameliorate the human spinal cord. A brief synopsis of the most prominent challenges facing both clinicians and research scientists in developing functional treatments for a progressively complex injury are presented. However, with an ever-advancing technology and deeper understanding of the damaged spinal cord, this appears increasingly conceivable. ![]() Instead, current treatment is limited to providing symptomatic relief, avoiding secondary insults and preventing additional sequelae. Despite these improvements reversal of the neurological injury is not yet possible. Our review aims to highlight how the use of scaffolds made from biomaterials enriched with MSCs gives positive results in in vivo SCI models as well as the first evidence obtained in clinical trials.This review provides a concise outline of the advances made in the care of patients and to the quality of life after a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) over the last century. More and more types of materials are being studied as scaffolds to decrease inflammation and increase the engraftment as well as the survival of the cells. Scaffolds do not only have a passive role but become fundamental for the trophic support of cells and the promotion of neuroregeneration. For these reasons, tissue engineering is focusing on bioresorbable scaffolds to help the cells to stay in situ. However, this causes a low rate of survival and engraftment in the lesion site. Currently, the most common procedure to insert cells in the lesion site is infusion. Indeed, MSCs are able to release trophic factors and to differentiate into the cell types that can be found in the spinal cord. Among the different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem the most promising. Among the most promising therapies, there are new techniques of tissue engineering based on stem cells that promote neuronal regeneration. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a worldwide highly crippling disease that can lead to the loss of motor and sensory neurons. ![]()
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